Yunnan Emerald City Tengchong Legend

In Yunnan Province in the southwestern border of China, there is a Tengchong County adjacent to Myanmar. Although the county is not big, it has flourished since ancient times. For more than a thousand years, it has been inextricably linked with the "King of Jade"--Jade. Call it "Emerald City", and there are a lot of interesting stories about jade. It was also in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China.

First, the legend of jade

The name of the jade is derived from the emerald bird, the male bird is red and bright, called the ostrich; the female's feather is bright green, called the kingfisher. The color of the jade is very similar to the feathers of these two birds, hence the name. Emerald is jadeite, and its chemical composition is mainly sodium aluminosilicate. Emerald is a member of the jade family, and its good jadeite is comparable in value to diamonds. The green of the emerald, some like the spring grass, some like the tender green onion; some green and fresh, evenly dyed; some green and deep, like emeralds, is made of precious jade, jade ornaments Good raw materials. According to historical records, there were two jade watermelons in the tomb of Cixi. The watermelon skin is green "green", and the melon is red "ç¿¡", among which there are several black melon seeds. Watermelon is crafted from the natural color of a whole piece of jade, which was worth 500,000 silver. Unfortunately, this melon was stolen by the warlord Sun Dianying and sold to the Philadelphia Museum, which is precious.

Second, the road of jade

Since the Han Dynasty, Tengchong has become a major town for trade exchanges with Myanmar. At that time, starting from Chengdu, Sichuan, Tengchong into Myanmar's Myitkyina could reach Central and West Asia and form a Silk Road. This Southwest Silk Road is 2,200 to 40 years earlier than the Northern Silk Road. At that time, along this road, the caravans and elephants were in a constant stream, and a large amount of jade wool was trafficked. Myitkyina-Tengchong-Yongchang, Myitkyina-Baomo-Yingjiang-Tengchong are the two main passages. From the Ming Dynasty to the late 5th year of the War of Resistance Against Japan, almost all of the jade materials mined in Myanmar were transported from these two roads to Tengchong. Tengchong Company is a company engaged in the import of jade. It is a group of powerful multinational companies. This Silk Road, during this period, is more appropriate than saying that it is a "Jade Road".

Third, jade is introduced to China

Jade was introduced to China from the Han Dynasty. According to historical records, as early as the Eastern Han Dynasty Yongyuan 9 years (AD 97), Yunnan Yongchang (now Baoshan) 徼 徼 掸 掸 掸 掸 掸 掸 掸 掸 掸 徼 徼 徼 徼 徼 徼 徼 徼 徼 云 云 云 云 云 云 云 云 云 云 云 云 云 云 云 云 云 云 云 云 云The country of Laos is now in the northeast of Myanmar, and in the area of ​​Mengmi. At that time, jade was used as a tribute, and it was not traded as a general commodity. These rare "green stones" make the Chinese aristocrats regarded as different treasures, competing to wear decorations, becoming fashionable, and even distinguishing the ranks with jade. Until the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the Chinese emperor sent eunuchs in Yongchang and Tengchong to purchase jewelry and jade. In the late Ming Dynasty, Emperor Zong Tianqi’s "Zhi Zhi" contained: "The official gave the money, and the people received the gems in the palace." The official and private cooperation enabled a large number of Myanmar jade to enter China at that time. In the Qing Dynasty, the goods that entered Tengchong from Myanmar were mainly jade jewellery, followed by cotton. After a large amount of jade was collected, some of them were polished on the spot, and some were transported to Kunming by Dali to the east, and then exported to the mainland and the coast. On the eve of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, before Tengchong was occupied by the Japanese army, it was a very popular place. The city of Xiaoyuecheng was a place where jade jewelers gathered. There were hundreds of shops, and various jade and jade carvings were dazzling. It was called "Baobao Street." ". At the time of the Tengchong City outside the gate of Tengchong City, the manure left by the merchants in the past was two or three feet deep. It can be seen that Tengchong has become a metropolis in southwestern Yunnan and is known as the "small Shanghai".

Fourth, Chinese people go to Myanmar to collect jade

Due to the high value of jade jewelry, which stimulated the development of Myanmar jade, the people in southwestern Yunnan swarmed and went to Myanmar to collect jade. From the Ming and Qing dynasties to the early days of liberation, tens of thousands of people went up the mountain every year in most of the southwestern Yunnan. To this end, American Boursey wrote in the book "Chinese in Southeast Asia": "China has a large number of skilled workers who have extracted jade and precious stones to Myanmar, which has greatly increased the production of jade and gemstones in Myanmar. On the stone tablet of Luo’s ancient Chinese temple, there are also the names of 5,000 Chinese jade merchants and jade workers. This can be seen.

V. Luo Yuyu and Duan Jiayu

The jade material production area is located in the northwestern part of Myanmar, with dense forests and scattered mineral deposits. Can you dig into jade, especially large pieces of good materials, relying on experience, and relying on luck, and chances are great. Some people dreamed of digging into good materials and making big fortune, but they made nothing, and they were empty-handed; some "unintentionally inserted into the willows", inadvertently got treasures and changed the fate of their lives. As a result, many stories that are astounding, sorrowful, and sorrowful are brought up. At the age of 14, he was taken to the jade field in northwestern Myanmar by his grandfather to dig jade. In the past 18 years, the boss has given him 19 pieces of jade wool to make money. He is determined to end this inhuman life and he will be able to end the wool. Shipped to Tengchong to dissect, who knows the beginning of a piece to see, disappointing, stone did not see jade; then, even 17 pieces, all worthless, he was a soft, fell to the ground. Master Xie Yu saw him poorly, bought his last piece and gave him some tolls and pocket money. But after the last piece of jade was untied, it was actually the finest jade, and the master of the jade became a rich man, and Yu had to sigh back to the jade field and return to the old business. Even more bizarre is Tengchong's official officer. He dug from 20 years old to 7O years old, and even a real jade has not been dug. One day, he sat on the hill and looked at his hometown. He couldn't help but sorrow. He cried a little. Before he went down the mountain, he sprinkled a urine. He suddenly found a green stone washed by the urine. He looked at it carefully. Block of "fresh water green" big jade. In the age of ancient times, it was a great thing to make a fortune and return home.

Six, jade trading

Do jade business, rise and fall, ups and downs. Sometimes it’s getting rich overnight, and it’s extremely unstable. The jade stone is called jade jade. At first glance, there are stones of different sizes. If you look closely, some can find a little green that is exposed outside. Sometimes I look at a piece, spend a lot of money to buy it, cut it open, only a little green on the surface; sometimes spend a small amount of money, bought a piece of inconspicuous, cut open, but it is good. The story of "Zuo Luoyu" and "Duan Jiayu" that has been passed down to Tengchong is rich in legendary colors. During the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty, Yin Wenda, a jade merchant from Luolu Township, returned a piece of wool from the jade field. His appearance was deep and black. His appearance was not good. Many experts thought it was the worst material, and the ancestors put it on the stone. In Ma Rongli, it has been a long time, and this "stone" was stepped off by the horseshoe. One day, when Yin came to the horse, the sun shining from the tile was shining on the stone, reflecting some beautiful green light. So he took the stone and tried to solve it, only to find that it was a fine jade material. He used this material to make a palace lantern, which was hung in the water reflecting temple on the night of the game. The entire temple was reflected in the palace lanterns. The viewers were all amazed and sensational. Yin took the lamp to Kunming and dedicated it to the governor of Yunnan. The governor gave him an official position of "Tianqian". Later, he processed the remaining pieces of the lamp into hundreds of ear pieces, which were carried on the ear and could reflect the green color of the ear. This is the jade called "Sakiro Jade". During the Republic of China, there was a jade merchant section Shengcai in Duanjiao Township, and a piece of more than 300,000 kilograms of large jade wool was bought from the jade field. The appearance of it was Baiyuan sand. Many experts shook their heads after watching, and no one was willing to bid. When he vented his breath, he threw the stone at the door of the yard. The visitor was there, and the time was long. He was thrown off by a horseshoe and showed a small green dot, which caused the attention of Duan Shengcai. So he took it. To solve the problem, the competition is the superior jadeite of the water, made into a bracelet, and look carefully, as in the clear and transparent water, the green grass gently flutters in the waves, and since then, "Duan Jiayu" has been famous both at home and abroad. The outer skin of jade and jade is generally yellow, reddish brown, or even black, and has a color and a different pattern formed by weathering. The texture of the wool is not directly visible. Therefore, according to the color, thickness, fineness, and pattern of the skin, it is estimated that the color and the earth of the jade inside the wool are a special knowledge. -- Xiang Yu Xue. The texture of jade is commonly known as "land" or "water head". The best quality land is called "glass ground". Generally there is "three-point water" (about 6mm), which is the upper-class high-grade, but it must be seen by experienced people that reliability can only be grasped with a certain degree.

Seven, gambling stone in Tengchong

Talking about jade wool business is "gambling stone". There are two kinds of gambling stones: one is a gravel without any cuts in the jade (called "opening the window"), only the outer skin, and the inside is not visible; the other way is to cut a piece of the material." The window ", the window is big and small, let the gambler observe through the "window" and guess the quality of the inside of the material. Carrying out the "gambling stone" trading method, all based on experience, eyesight, courage and luck, is the so-called "making things in people, things are in the sky." When trading, the seller showed the hair stone, buy convenience and start to study color, texture, hardness, etc. Then, the price starts to be around, usually surrounded by a large group of spectators, just like the crowds watching the streets, and there are also "children" hired by the owner. Business negotiations, immediate payment delivery, and sometimes, in order to verify whether their eyes are correct, the buyer can cut the jade on the spot, this sale is a profit is a loss. A yellow-brown gravel, priced at tens of thousands, cut across the board, perhaps worthy of the city's finest materials, perhaps a worthless pebbles, between seconds. Win or lose. The tempting wealth and opportunity, the desire and impulse to take risks, spurred the rush of many stone masters, and set off a gambling frenzy in the gem world, which led to a war without ammunition. At the border, there are illiterates but no gems. From Huang Mao to the elders, everyone is studying hard to understand the gems of esoterics, so that they can participate in the battle at any time.

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